Overview:
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally and ranks as the most common cancer among males and the second among females after breast cancer. Early detection remains a challenge, with about 70% of cases diagnosed at an advanced stage.
Causes:
Initially, tobacco smoking was identified as the primary cause of lung cancer. However, the incidence among nonsmokers is rising due to environmental factors such as exposure to secondhand smoke and increased pollution.
Symptoms:
Common symptoms include:
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- Persistent cough
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- Breathlessness on exertion
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- Chest pain
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- Hoarseness of voice
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- In some cases, patients may experience headaches, backaches, and weight loss.
Diagnosis:
Imaging Studies:
Essential to determine if the cancer is localized or has metastasized.
Biopsy:
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- Crucial for confirming malignancy and obtaining a tissue sample for diagnosis and molecular testing.
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- Helps in identifying the type of lung cancer and guides treatment decisions.
Molecular Testing:
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- Identifies specific genetic mutations or alterations that can influence treatment options.
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- May allow for targeted therapies, which can be more effective and have fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy.
Treatment:
Localized Cancer:
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- Surgery: Often the first step if the cancer is localized.
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- Chemotherapy & Immunotherapy: May be administered before or after surgery, depending on the case.
Locally Advanced Cancer:
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- Chemotherapy & Radiotherapy: Typically combined to target the cancer.
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- Molecularly Targeted Therapy: Based on molecular testing results, additional treatments like immunotherapy or targeted oral medications may be used.
Metastatic Cancer:
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- Molecular Testing: Determines the presence of specific mutations.
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- Targeted Therapy: If molecular tests are positive, targeted oral medications may be used.
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- Chemotherapy & Immunotherapy: If molecular tests are negative, a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy may be used.
Screening:
The American Cancer Society recommends annual screening with a low-dose CT (LDCT) for:
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- Individuals aged 50 to 80 years
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- Current or former smokers with at least a 20 pack-year smoking history
Prevention:
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- Tobacco Cessation: Stopping smoking is the most effective way to prevent lung cancer.
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- Reducing Air Pollution: Efforts to lower exposure to environmental pollutants are also crucial for prevention.
By focusing on early detection through screening and prevention strategies, the chances of successful treatment and reducing lung cancer incidence can be significantly improved.